Method and apparatus for spray drying



May 19, '1959 s. 'r. COULTER ETAL 2,837,390

' METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING Filed July 13, 1953 7 Sheets-Sheet l 3/ f j I 4 1 n" i i 3/ q 3 l I 3 i4 40 2f 4/ 30 I /Z6 l I 29 v 43 E 25 i I 27- I I I I i 34 33 I l k .3; I J; g L J INVENTOR'JD- 2 v SAMUEL T COULTER A TTORNEYS May 19, 1959 s. T. COULTER ETAL 0 METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING Filed July is. 1953 Sheets-Sheet z IN V EN TORS 5,4 MUEL T COUL 7-5;? VSQNE H 75WA/LEY A -7- TOR/V5 KS May 19, 1959 I s. T. COULTER ETAL 7, METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING Filed July. 13, 1953 A r 7 Shets-Sheet s INVENTORS SAMUEL T C004. TER l/EP/VE 75W/VLEY May 19,, 1959 s. T YCOULTER ETAL METHOD ANUAFPARATUS FOR SPRAY 'DRHNG 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed July 13, 1953 May 19, 1959 s. T. COLJLTER ETAL 2,887,390

. METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING Filed July 15. 1953 nvmwrozes SAMUEL TCOUL 727? VEP/VE 75l/I/NLEY 5W v'omvzrg May 19, 1959 s. T. COULTER ET AL 7, 0

' METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING Filed July 15. 1953 7 sheets-sheet 6 A, A Q

,4 A INVENTORS H 1! WW SAMUEL 7. Caz/4711 VEAWE/i 7Z7W/vLEY BWWMQMWL May 19, 1959 Y s. T. COULTER ET AL 2,887,390 METHOD mm APPARATUS FOR SPRAY, DRYING Filed July 15. 1953 -7 Sheets-Sheet 7 INVENTORS SAMUEL T COL/L727? l/E'P/VE f7. 7Z WNLEY QWMWWM,

United States Patent 2,887,390 r j a APPARATUS FOR SPRAY DRYING:

Samuel T. Coulter, Marine on St. Croix, and Verne H. Tdwnley, Falcon Heights, Minn., 'assignors to Regents of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., -a ca pq a pu f M I Sm a r t Application July 13, 1953, Serial No. 367,472

13 Claims. ems- 199 This invention relates tomethods and apparatus for the spray drying of liquids containing solid particles to ice a space saving spray drying apparatus which occupies 3, minimum area. i

ends, this invention then comprises the features herein;

after fully described and particularly pointed out in the be dried. More particularly, this invention relates to i i method and apparatus for spray drying of increased efiiciency utilizing a relatively low pressure and low velocity stream of liquid to be dried, and a high velocity stream of a gaseous drying medium maintained at relatively high temperatures.

Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method of atomizing liquids containing solids to be dried by injecting them at low velocity and, concurrently into a stream of hot drying gases moving at high velocities. i i

Still another object of this invention is to provide a method and apparatus for drying solid-containing liquids such as milk in a stream of hot drying gas which is firstput into a flow of medium velocity, heated and thence brought up to a high velocity, the energy of the flow being then recovered at least partially, the liquid to be dried being introduced at or near the point of highest velocity as alow velocity liquid stream directed concurrently with respect to the flow of drying gas. t t j Another object of this invention is to provide a drying system and apparatus wherein an amount of drying gas is first put under pressure and moved at medium velocity and a smaller amount of a combustible gas and air are put under pressure in a separate combustionchamber, burned efiiciently at high temperatures and thehot combustion gases then introduced into the larger amount of drying gas at the pressurethereof for forming an admixture of heated drying gases, t 1 t It is a further object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus for drying heat sensitive solids.- containing liquids in which theliavor and body of the solids are retained. W Another further object of this invention is to provide a method, and apparatus for drying solidscontaining liquids which may more readily than heretofore be reconstituted by addition of liquid to the dried solids.

Still another further object of this invention is to pro,- vide a novel and improved dried solid foodstuff (produced according to the method of this invention) capable, upon addition of liquid thereto, of rapid substantially complete reconstitution.

It is a still further object of this invention to provide improved dried milk solids capable of rapid and substantially complete reconstitution upon admi rture with water.

A fnrth erobject of this invention is to provide apparatus for carrying out the improved method of atomizing liquids comprising the combination of a Venturi and an improved apertured means for introducing liquids into the stream of drying gas.

A ti l u t r b e t cf h fiavsat qs' torrovide claims, the following description setting forth in detail certain illustrative embodiments of the invention, these being indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of the invention may be e o i l The invention is illustrated with reference to the draw,- ings in which corresponding numerals refer to the parts and in which: i t r 1 Figure 1 is a diagrammatic and schematic representation of one embodiment of the apparatus by which the method comprising part of this invention maybe ri ut; j

Figure 2 is a diagrammatic and schematic representation of an improved and more eflicient form of apparatus by which the method of this invention may be carried out; H ,t

i Figures 3, 4 and 5, are illustrationsof alternative forms of construction of Yenturi tubes which may be employed in the apparatusof this invention; i

Figure 6 is a side elevation, partly in section, of a preferred embodiment of the improved apparatus of this tar e i sm F Figure 7 i s a detailed, longitudinal section of the inlet ts th d yin ambe of t apparatus F ure 6i n without insulation; i j i Figure 8 is a detailed section of the Venturi and the liquid and drying gas inlets of the preferred embodiment of the apparatus; j W

Figure 9 is an enlarged detail in section of part of the dry gas flow unifying section of. the. apparatus of Figure 6, also shown without insulation; i e

Figure 10 is an enlarged detail, partly in section, taken al n lin 0 o gur 8 n 9 e e tiong the arro s Figure 11 is an enlarged detail, partly in section, of one form of the improved apertured liquid. delivery means which forms part of this invention; i t

Figure 12 is an end view of the liquid delivery means of Figure l1; i

Figure 13 is an enlarged detail sectional View of en method and the product resulting therefrom,

Referring now to the drawings and more particularly to Figure 1, there is here illustrated diagrammaticallyand schematically one embodiment of this invention in its simplest and broadest form. The apparatus comprises essentially any conventional high velocity blower 2Q driven by a suitable electric motor 21 oriotherpo wer means, capable of delivering air or other drying gas through a conduit 23 to a furnace 24 or other heating means for heating the drying gas; another conduit- 2 5 from the heater to an inlet port 26 in the wall of a ting vessel 27; a liquid supply line 28 liquiddelive r y means 29 positioned in conduit 25 adjaeent the in t P 2 a th r n cham r fq l ntr aqsi sua Patented May 19, 1959 low pressure-low velocity stream of liquid containingthe locity) of the drying gas. By means of the system utiliz- ,In this form of the invention, a stream of heated drying gas is blown by means of blower through conduit in drying chamber 27 at a high velocity of at leas't350 feet per second and up to 1000 feet per secodd or higher; A stream of the liquid containing the solids to be dried is fed at low pressure through supply line '28ffrom any'suitable tank or other source of liquid supply to liquid delivery means 29 disposed in conduit 25 at approximately'the center thereof and adjacent the entry port into the drying chamber. The liquid supply may :flow by force of gravity or may be pumped to the liquid ldeliyery {means but the pressure applied upon the liquid need only be sufiicient to carry the liquid to the delivery outlet where it feeds at low velocity into the drying Izone. The rush of the hot drying gases moving at high veldcities in a concurrent flow around the delivery opening draws the liquid from the opening and tears and fshr'eds the'liquid stream in minuscule droplets which are exposedto "the drying effect of the heated gases and quickly dried, The gas and solids are separated in the drying chamber, the gas being vented to the atmosphere particles being v'elocitywith respect to the low velocity liquid stream I ing a Venturi tube, the drying gas may initially be heated and introduced into conduit 25 at relatively low velocities and medium pressure while at the same time the desired high velocities of at least 450 feet per second and up to 1500 or more feet per: second may be attained in the throat of the Venturi tube, as hereinafter described in greater detailIThe lower initial drying gas velocity requires less power to drive the blower and if constructed for greatest efi'iciency the downstream section of the Venturi tube further conserves the amount of power necessary to force the drying gas through the apparatus. We have found that, generally speaking, the included angle of the upstream section of the Venturi tube may be between about 15 and degrees and the length of the tube may be from about 3 to 10 times the diameter of the throat. For maximum efficiency, the included angle of the downstream section of the Venturi tube 'should-be'from about 2 to 10 degrees and it may have a length somewhat less than theupper section, that is, from about'2 to 8 times the diameter of the throat. Th fficiency-of the Venturi tube may be increased somewhat by modifying the construction ofthe throat as sh'own'in Figure 3." In this alternative form, the Venturi tube 40a is formed of a converging upstream conical inlet section 41 and a diverging downstream conical discharge section 43 joined at the throat by a short cylindrical throat section45. The insertion of the cylindrical throat section renders more smooth the path *of the stream of-hotdrying'gases through the throat of the Venturi tube by eliminating the relatively sharp edges 'atl th'e constricted throats and facilitates the'movement of the stream of gases. For most practical purposes, the

provides "e -highly efiicient method of spray drying. Con- .siderablepoweris required, however, to drive the blower in drderfto'achieve the required high velocities in the conduit adjacent the inlet port of the drying vessel and where power costs are a determining factor, this system, 'thou'gh pr'oviding efficient drying, may 'be prohibitively The modified form of apparatus is shown diagram' "niatically 'and'schematically in Figure 2 in its most simplificdYform. This apparatus comprises the same essential features as the embodiment illustrated in Figure'l and likeflnumerals are employed to designate like parts. The" system thus includes a blower20 driven by motor 211,,conduit 23, heating means 24, drying vessel 27 havliiigentry port 26 and discharge ports 30 and 35, liquid supply "line 28 and liquid delivery means 29.

H The systern is modified in this improved form by in- I "s'er't'ingwhat may "be termed a Venturi tube, indicated fg'enerallyat 40 in'the stream of conduit 25 between the "heating means 24 and entry port 26 into the drying vesisel This} fYenturi tube comprises a converging upstream"con1cal-section 41 and a diverging downstream 'jcoiiicals'ection 43 coming together in a narrow throat The downs'tream end of downstream conical sec- 'fld terminates in port 26 leading directly into the drying'chambenj27; Liquid delivery means 29 is posi- "tioned "so 'as' to be centered in the Venturi tube, preflength of the cylindrical segment 45 may range from bout one-f ourth'ofitsdiameter up to equal to or greater than the diameter} if Even greater efficiency may be achieved by adopting the alternative construction'of Venturi tube 40b shown in Figure '4. In this form, the inlet conical section 41 and discharge conical section 43 are joined by a gen- 'e'rally cylindrical segment 46, the inner walls of which 'form a parabolic-curve, in section, as shown, substantially eliminating any'projecting edges in the inner'walls ofthe' Venturi tube; This parabolic section may be rolled or spun into the desired shape and may haveiia length'up to twice the diameter of the throat. Theultimate in efficiency is achieved by the use of the alter-native form of Venturi tube construction shown in Figure; 5 in which the entire Venturi tube 40c is spun o'r rolled so as to form a tube, the walls 47 of which form avparabolic curve in section, as shown, being flared outwardly at the upstream and downstream extremities and forrning a gently constricting throat intermediate e he ends. The same limitations as to dimensions'and -ih'cluded-angles hold "generally true for this form ofcom struction as far as the straight walled forms. 4 -We have determined the herein specified shapes of the herein designated Venturi throat by experimentation. Strictly speaking, the term Venturi, as herein used; isnot exact but it is used because (to our knowl-' ed'gel' the English language provides no better term. The -true -Venturi tube was first used in connection with the flo'w of'non-compressible liquids and the laws governing the 'flow of such liquids have been well studied'and are reasonably well known. In connection withthe flow of homogeneous compressible fluids (such as gases, air, "steam,etc.)' far more complex flow behavior patterns are" encountered, particularly when heat eflects and flows er-ably upstream from the throat so as to introduce the of transonic and super-sonic rates are involved. The shaping oftubes of general Venturi configuration for j'the'best handling'of such" flows are fraught with many Superimposed upon the variables imposed "byfluid compressibility there is, in the field ofdrying of solids-containing fluids of this invention, again added the variable due"to'-thermaleifects,' such as cooling (and argon, helium and the like.

assassi hence contracting) of the drying gas (as it flows) due to. evaporation of water in the substance being dried; shock waves (in the near-, transand supersonic flow ranges). and variability due to non-homogeneity, due to inclusion of liquids and solids partially or completely dried) in the stream flow. Indeed, there is no instru ment presently available which can be used for the exact measurement of flow rates of a mixture of gas such as drying air) which carries particles of solidcontaining liquids and partially or completely dried solids. Hence, this invention is in an area of empirical investigation wherein the system of trial and error still rules and while terminology must be used to explain as well as possible the etfeets realized, in some cases at least, as in respect to the term fVenturi, the terminology adopted is not strictly exact. This explanation is interposed so that others who may have occasion to study our disclosure may properly evaluate the results.

A somewhat more complete, detailed and commercial form of spray drying system is shown in the remaining figures of the drawings. Reference is now made to the overall vertical sectional elevational view of the spray drying system shown in Figure 6 in which there is a chamber indicated generally at 50 supported upon stand 51 which in turn rests upon a floor 53. An inlet 54 enters the center of the top of the upper portion of the drying chamber 55. The lower portion of the drying chamber 56 is generally conical and tapers down to a discharge outlet 57. The upper cylindrical portion of the drying chamber is provided with a layer of insulation 58. To minimize adherence of spray dried particles to the inner walls of the drying chamber there are provided chains 59 suspended from bars 60 which rotate slowly with respect to the walls of the drying chamber during the drying operations.

Supported on top of the drying chamber and in direct communication with inlet 54 there is provided a Venturi system indicatedgenerally at 40a. The Venturi system, which is of shape similar to Figure 3, consists of an upper converging inlet portion 41, a throat 45 and lower diverging discharge portion 43. Disposed within the restricted throat 45 is an apertured head or delivery means 61 for the introduction of the fluid to be dried. A stream of the. liquid to be dried is conducted to the liquid delivery opening 61 through a low pressure feed tube 63 which passes through a guide tube 64 to a supply line 65 which in turn is encased in a rigid guide tubing 66. Disposed above the inlet to the Venturi system 40a and in direct communication with it is a flow unifying section indicated generally at 67. This section consists of a portion of the drying gas conduit packed full. of thin-walled (preferably stainless steel) tubes 68 of relatively smaller diameter than the gas conduit. The thin-walled tubes are disposed longitudinally within the. conduit and rest upon screen 69. An elbow 70 containing a plurality of straightening vanes 71 leads from duct means 73 for the drying gas to the flow unifying section. The vanes 71 are sheets of. metal curved around the center of curvature of the duct 70.

The ductaneans for the drying gas consists of a long conduit 74 covered with insulation 75 leading from a source of hot drying gas which may be heated fresh air or dehumidified, reheated inert gas such as nitrogen, Conduit 74 is provided at its lower endwith gas inlet 76. The air or other drying gas entering inlet 76 may be preheated by means of steam coils 77 in the duct. Air may be conveniently introduced into the inlet by means of blower 78 through filter 79 and conduit 80 where it is delivered under pressure through. heater 77 (where used) and to duct 73. The. drying gas may be conveniently heated by means of a furnace 81 having a fire box 83 disposed at the lower end of conduit 74. The fire box 83 is under pressure slightly. exceeding the pressure in duct 73. By this means an oil or a gas burner (not shown) placed in fire 83 will not only further heat the preheated air entering through inlet 76, but the flue gases themselves mayfble used as part of the drying gas. The fire box 83 operates at very high temperatures for eificient combustion and the very hot combustion gases then enterd uct 75 at its lower elbow and dilute the main stream to a final mixture which has a temperature of 250 to 1500" F.

As mentioned, the drying gas may be recirculated or simply used once. For the once-through type of operation, atmospheric air enters at filter 79 and may be passed through a dehumidifier to reduee its moisture content. The drying air is then heated, here illustrated as a steam-preheat via heat exchanger, plus an inflow (under pressure) of hot combustion products of furnace 83. The resultant drying gas in duct 73 is piped in a suitably insulated pipe to the convergent section 41 and to the throat 45 of the Venturi system 40a, where the velocity of the drying gas is in the stated range ot'450 to 1500 feet per second or even higher. Thence, the drying gas passes through the throat 45 (where dispersion of the slow-moving fluid takes place) and delivers through Venturi section 43 (where power is recovered) and to chamber. 50 in which the solids, now dried to a powder already partly dried in theVenturi 40a, is reduced to a fully dry powder. From outlet 57, the flow continues via dotted line 84 to a gas-solid separator, here illustrated as a cyclone 85, although other separators, such as electrostatic or filter type may be used. From line 86, the air is either discharged through valve 87 to pipe 88, or, if the drying gas is inert, such as nitrogen, argon, helium or the like, the gas is recireulated through three-way valve damper 87 (and line 89?) through a dehumidifier. 90 (provided with refrigerant inlet and outlet pipes 91, 93) and then returned via a pipe 94 to inlet of filter 79, which is (in such recirculating system) merely placed in the return line 94 and not open to atmosphere. A gas make-up line 95 may be connected to line 94 to make up losses. and maintain such closed system (if used) under slight positive pressure.

There are several distinct differences in the drying system of this invention. It must be emphasized that according to this system, while some drying takes place in chamber 50, most of the drying appears to take place in the downstream section 43 of the Venturi system 40a. This allows great space reduction as compared to conventional driers. Also (unlike prior systems of drying which propel particles of the fluid at extreme atomizing velocities into a relatively slow or non-moving drying air and require exceedingly high pressure, small diameter nozzles) in the system of this invention the low pressure (2 to 50 pounds) liquid lines terminate in. large liquid delivery openings (example 0.33 inch) located at the Venturi throat, and in themselves produce no atomizing. This system utilizes a high velocity concurrent flow of drying gas at extreme velocities (i.e. 450 feet per second to 1500 feet per second or higher, hence from the near sonic to super-sonic range, Mach 0.2 to 1.0) to produce atomization. Atomization appears to be due to a shredding effect. The high speed gas shreds 01f minute particles from the gross flow of liquid at the low pressure liquid delivery. openings. Hence, while in the form of delivery means illustrated in Figure 11 the liquid flow from the individual delivery apertures may be as large as a common match or knitting needle (.005 inch to .050 inch or larger) and is moving out slowly, it is snatched away, being torn into shreds by the high velocity drying gases.

By utilizing near-sonic, sonic or supersonic velocities of drying as in the present drying system, there is believed to be achieved still another effect, namely dispersion of the liquid being dried without the use of high pressures and small orifice nozzles. This effect is believed to be due to establishment of multiple standing 43 of the Venturi. outer ends of radial bars 60 which in turn are supported 7 [shockfwaves in the drying zone. As the velocities in the range are reached, there are set up ateach surface of discontinuity (sharp edge or sharp change in configuration), a standing shock wave which forms a Qzdnethrough which particles of liquid or partially dried gliqu'idpass. Thus, at surfaces 45a, 45b and from the liquid delivery means surfaces there emanate such standji'ng shock waves, which, being reflected back by the wall offsections 45 and 43, form barriers against which the particles impinge. The liquid delivery means (no mat- ;ter how simple in shape) thus always produces a shock wave in the very region of the drying zone, when the dry- 'i'ng "gas is in the prescribed velocity range, and where green?) there are multiple liquid delivery openings (as Figure fll') there are multiple intersecting shock waves. This 1 is onephase of operation of our device which is believed idetail of'the inlet to the upper part of the drying chamber and the lower part of the Venturi drying nozzle. There .is here shown inlet 54 entering the top portion of the drying chamber 55 from the diverging discharge section Chains 59 are supported at the "at their inner ends by rim or flange 96 of annularsleeve "97. The chain holding assembly is mounted for rotative 'mo vernentby means of ball bearings 98 held between races 99 and 100 and bushing 115. Power for this rota- 'tive movement is provided by' wheel 101 whose hub 103 is keyed to sleeve 97, the wheel being driven by the belt 104 in rim 105 from a source of power not shown. This may conveniently be a small electric geared motor mounted on the top of the drying chamber. Ball bear- 1 ing race 100 is held within an annular flange 107 bolted tothe top 55 of the drier by means of stud bolts and nuts 109. Restingupon and within sleeve 97 is a collar 110 "held at its outwardly projecting upper rim by bolts 113.

The inwardly projecting lower rim of collar 110 supports the brass packing ring 114 held down by a bushing "passage for the line carrying the stream of liquid to be dried. Tube 64 insulates the liquid stream somewhat from the hot drying air at this point, which is important in starting up the system. The stream of liquid enters through supply line 65 through a coupling 118 to a'sec- 'tion of feed line 119 held in guide tube 64 by bonnet assembly 123. The lower end of feed line 119 is thickened, with its outer edges flattened as shown at 125 in Figures 8 and 9 and especially in Figure 10. The upper end of atomizer feed line 63 is flanged and attached to 125 by means of a union 126. The thickened end 125 t of feed'line 119 is held within the guide tube 64 within 1 a collar 127 by means of set screws 128. Collar 127 is -held spaced concentrically within the conduit by means of braces 129. The positioning of nozzle 61 within the throat 45 of the Venturi may thus be very accurately adjusted and controlled by means of the set screws 128. Access to the interior of the conduit for making these adjustments is provided through port 130 covered by removable plate 131 held in place by bolts 133. A

neoprene or similar gasket 134 shown in Figure prevents loss of hot air around the edgesof cover 131.

The pipes .73, 74, elbow 7t), straightening and port section 67 and the Venturi system (down to the middle "01' the lower part of the downstream section 43) are hot 8 I (i.e. 300.to 800 F. or higher, depending on operating conditions). These parts of the drying gas duct of the system, all the way'from the heater 77,, 83 as well as the heaters, are lagged so as to prevent heat loss' but may conveniently be built so as to protrude above the'general building level, as shown in Figure 6. This is a feature of the invention which greatly reduces installation costs. Evaporation starts right at nozzle 61 and "the drying gas is very rapidly cooled off to lower temperatures, so less insulation is needed around chamber 50 and insulation is omitted from that relatively small area of the hinged cover of chamber 50 at the drive for the cleaner chains. The Venturi system 40a, straightening and access section 67 and elbow section 70 are all flanged. These flanges may be bolted or held inplace by clamp rings or nuts and bolts. The liquid linemay be uncoupled at union 126 and section 63 and delivery means 61 withdrawn through access door 130. Liquid line housing 66 may be uncoupled at flanges 135- and 136 and lifted to allow access to liquid line coupling 123. Then couplings 137 (between duct 74 and elbow 70) and 138 (between Venturi system 40a and section 67) can be loosened and the unit composed of elbow 70'and 67 can be lifted off. When this is done, the Venturi 40a on lid 55 of drying tank 50 can be swung back on hinges 156 to afford access'for cleaning or repairs.

Additional means are provided for access to the interior chamber 50 for cleaning and inspection from the bottom. Line 84 is disjoined from the flanged discharge outlet 57 of the chamber 50. The lower cone-shaped discharge section 56 of the chamber being hinged at 154 and held by swinging eye bolts may be released and swung 'away to provide access to the interior of the chamber.

ing gas uniformly over the cross sectional area of the conduit.

he construction of the apertured liquid delivery means 61 is shown in more detail in Figures 11, 12, 13 and 14. In the form illustrated in Figures 11 and 12 the delivery means comprises a generally cylindrical female member 139 into which a male member 140, tapered at its outer extremity, is threaded at 141. A central aperture runs lengthwise through the liquid delivery means converging from the upstream end at 143 to a narrow restricted throat 144 and then diverging again to the tapered downstream end at 145. A channel 146' is provided at one side of the central aperture for the end of feed line 63. Communicating with channel 146 and thus with feed line 63 is an annular channel 147 in member 139 and a corresponding annular channel of somewhat smaller cross section in member 140. Communicating with annular channel 148 are a plurality of ports 149 surrounding central aperture 145. Inserted in each of ports 149 and extending somewhat beyond is a hypodermic needle-like jet. A perforated gasket 151 between members 139 and 140 prevents leakage of liquid within the liquid delivery means.

In the alternative form illustrated in Figures 13 and 14 the liquid delivery means comprises a generally cylindrical female member tapered externally at one end 161 and having a central aperture running axially the length of member 160. Adjacent the tapered end, member 160 is provided with an. internal annular channel or groove 162. At the opposite end there is provided an inwardly converging tapered conical central aperture 163. Intermediate of channel 162 and converging aperture 163 the member is internally screw threaded as at 164, the threads terminating in a seat 165 for a gasket 166. Seated 9 in threads 16 4 and upon gasket 166 is a generally cylindrical plug-like male member 167 externally threaded at one end 168 and smooth walled atthe. other 169, the smooth walls serving when the male member is in place to complete the walls of annular channel 162 and providl are provided in the edges of the wall of aperture 163 adapted to receive the ends of liquid feed lines 63a and communicating with annular channel 162. The members comprising this form of liquid delivery means have dimensions such that the annular liquid discharge opening is about 0.025 inch wide. It is to be understood, of course, that considerable latitude may be allowed in fixing. this dimension ranging, for example, from about 0.005 inch to 0.05 inch or larger.

It will be noted that by employing liquid discharge means of the type illustrated in Figures 11 through 14 embodying an internal air scoop or Venturi-like central aperture, it is possible to obtain approximately equal drying gas velocities on either side of the liquid discharge opening. It has been found that by thus initially contacting the liquid on either side with substantially uniform velocity drying gas as the liquid is delivered for discharge to the openings of the delivery means that encrustation of dried solid particles upon the delivery means is prevented.

Although it is to be understood that the method and apparatus of this invention are applicable to the spray drying of a large variety of liquid materials suchas fruit juices, eggs, salt solutions and the like, the mode of operation of the method and apparatus will be described with particular reference to milk. Referring back to Figure 6, initially furnace 81 is fired, preferably with a gas or an oil burner, and steam is introduced into the coils of steam jacket 77 surrounding inlet 76. Blower 78 draws air through a filter inlet '79 through conduit 80 and in- .troduces it through inlet 76 into the duct to be conveyed to the drier chamber. A blower of suitable size for obtaining the stated velocities should be used. At the same time, a stream of liquid is introduced into supply line 65 and pumpedto liquid delivery means 61. It is preferred to introduce water into the supply line initially until stable operating conditions have been attained within the drying apparatus. The reason for this is that with the liquid line 63-425 empty, it is quickly heated by the heating gas to a temperature high enough to scorch the initial portion of solids containing organic liquids (sueh as milk). Hence, water is first pumped through. This cools the liquid line down to a safeoperating temperature. for

the liquid for while there may be some heating of liquids in tubes 63 and 125, due to the heated drying gases, the

stabilize.

scorching.

The liquid in the liquid line 65126-63 is pumped .under low pressure conditions ranging from about 2 to 50 pounds per square inch. The preheated air enters through inlet 76 to conduit 74 where it mixes with and is heated by the flue gases from the furnace. The heated drying gas should have an initial temperature of from about 250 to about l500 .F. and an initial velocity iri tubes 7 4 ]73which will depend upon the volume of air and the size of the tube. This velocity may; foriexample be 150 feet per second. A heated gas is forced ly distributed across the cross sectional area of the conduit at the point of entrance into theupstream cone 41 ofthe l amount of heating is not excessive after conditions it Then the pump is connected to a supplyof milk or other liquid and the operation continues without Venturi. As the gas enters the converging inlet portion 41 of the Venturi, the cross sectional area of the tube decreases and the velocity increases until it reaches a maximum at the throat 45. At the throat 45 the velocity may be in the near-sonic, sonic or supersonic range (i.e. from 45.0 feet per second to 1500 feet per second or even higher) and its temperature will still be substantially at the temperature of the gas in the tube 74. At this point, the ,liquidcontainingthe solid particles to be dried is introduced into the hot gas stream. The velocity of the drying gas in the throat of the Venturi should be increased to at least from about 450 feet per second to 1500 feet per second. The stream of milk as it leaves the liquid delivery openings is coarse and thick, say /32 inch to A inch diameter and moves at relatively low Velocity, say upto about 25 feet per second. As the stream of milk contacts the stream of hot drying gas moving at high velocity, it is atomized, the stream of milk being drawn from the delivery openings, torn up and shredded into particles. The particles of the milk stream accelerate up to the velocity of the drying gas which is meanwhile being slowed down in the diverging discharge portion of the Venturi. This produces a scrubbing elfect between particle and drying gas. The contact between the particle ofthestream of milk and the hot drying gas dries the particle somewhat, cooling the air and causing it to contract. Moisture going to the vapor phase adds to the weight of the gaseous phase and compensates somewhat forthe reduction of volume of the gas due to cooling. As the velocity of the drying gas continues to decrease the velocity of the particle, due to its greater mass, tends to hold relatively more constant, i.e. above the velocity of the slowing down drying gas, thus producing a further scrubbing efiect. Turbulence in the downstream part of the Venturihas the added effect of scrubbing the drying gas over the more dense particles of milk which more readily tend to maintain their velocity constant. The intimate mixture of the milk particles and the hot drying gas is carried down into the drying chamber where drying is substantially completed and then dischargedthrough outlet 57 to a conventional cyclone separator where the dried milk particles are separated from the drying gas. During the operation of the drier, chains 59 slowly rotate with respect to the'inside walls of the drying chamber to prevent adherence of the spray dried particles to the wall.

If desired, the drying gas from the cyclone separator may be dried and recirculated through the system. This gas may be either air or an inert gas such as nitrogen. In the event that thedrying gas is recirculated, it will be necessary to dehumidify it, and air or oxygen from some other source is, of course, introduced into the furnace in order to insure substantially complete combustion of the fuel within the furnace so as to prevent the introduction of products of incomplete combustion into the system where they may impart an off flavor to the dried milk.

In this form of the invention the principal objects are attained through the use of liquid delivery openings located adjacent the throat of a Venturi :at the inlet to the drying chamber in combination with appropriate apparatus for heatingand driving the drying gas at the I stated velocities. The Venturi enables the drying gas to i be accelerated at reasonable cost (for power) to high 1 1s fed into the drying gas.

velocities necessary to achieve the maximum tearing and shreddingaction on the particles of the milk stream as it 7 The liquid delivery means should be disposed concentrically within the throat of the Venturi and preferably sufliciently upstream so that the deiivery openings are slightly upstream from the narrowestportion' of the throat. The diameter of the throat of the Venturi should be at least twice the diameter of the liquid delivery means in order that there may be an adequate flow of gas around the delivery openings. The liquid feed line 63 has a slight bend in its upper end and "enters the liquid delivery means at one side in order not 11 to interfere with the action of the air scoop aperture through the center of the liquid delivery means. The throat'of the Venturi may be formed by the intersection 'of the upper and lower cones as shown in Figure 2 of the 12 some cases even higher. Hence, when drying milk the temperature is usually maintained between 250 and 900 F. Preferably, this temperature should be fromabout 300 to 600 F.

drawings, or a cylindrical throat may be interposed be- 6 Milk is usually first evaporated to increase the solids tween the upper and lower cones, as in Figure 3, or prefercontent and is then preheated to a temperature of about ably the wall of the throat is curved slightly in the form 140 to 160 F. before it is introduced into the drying ap- -of a paraboloid as in Figures 4 and 5. The length of the -paratus. The pressure applied on the milk supply is straight throat should usually not exceed its diameter merely 'sufiicient to force the milk from the supply vat and is preferably about one-half the diameter. The in- '10 to the relatively coarse delivery openings through which cluded angle and the length of the upper inlet section of it is discharged. This is usually of the order of from the Venturi are not critical. However, since the diameter about 2 to 50 pounds per square inch. Since the drying of the inlet to the Venturi should be about the same as gases are passing the liquid delivery means at extremely the diameter of the conduit for the drying gas, it has been high velocities at the point where the tips of liquid disfound that for practical purposes the included angle may charge openings are located, there is a partial vacuum set be from about fifteen to thirty-five degrees and the up which is sufiicient to draw the milk from the openings length of the upper section of the Venturi may be from at a desired rate and tear and shred the particles for dryabout three to ten times the diameter of the throat. ing. This action is achieved both by'the flow of the hot Preferably an included angle of from twenty to thirty drying gases around the periphery of the liquid delivery degrees is used. The dimensions of the lower discharge means and through the air scoop aperture through the section of the Venturi are of greater importance. 1 .center of the delivery means. In the preferred form of The principal function of the downstream section of the invention the liquid material to be dried is introduced the Venturi is to conserve power, thus reducing to reasoninto the drying gas through an annular slit opening or able levels the amount of power necessary to force the through a plurality of hypodermic needle-like jets an drying gas through the drying apparatus. It has'been nularly arranged'around the periphery of the cylindrical found, for example, that only about one-fourth as much :liquid delivery means. For milk in which the solid power is required when the conical downstream dis- 'particles are'of the order of about 0.05 mm. discharge charge section of the Venturi is used as compared with .openings having an inside diameter of 0.033 inch hav allowing the gas and the liquid to be ejected directly proven satisfactory. 'into the drying chamber from the constn'ctedthroat. A notable feature of the apparatus of this invention The included angle of the discharge portion of the :.is.that it occupies a minimum amount of floor space Venturi may be from about two to ten degrees and the .area. It will be noted that a substantial portion of the 'length of this portion may range from two to eight times Lsuperstructure of the apparatus need not be housed in the diameter of the throat. As the length of the downthe normal drying work room, but may extend above 'stream portion of the Venturi increases, the danger' of and beyond the roof structure 160 of the building, as impingement of milk particles at the sides of the Venturi ziillustrated in Figure 6. With the exposed superstructure also increases. For a maximum conservation of power properly insulated, such an installation may be operated and minimum likelihood of impingement, it is preferred successfully even in the most severe Northern climates. that the included angle of the downstream portion of the By way of further illustration of the invention, but Venturi be about six degrees and that the length of the -without any limitation thereon, reference is made to the downstream portion of the Venturi be six times the following examples which are tabulated for comparison: diameter of the throat. As the angle of the down- 1 stream section increases, there is greater likelihood of 6 getting separation of the gas stream from the wall with consequent increase in the power loss due to turbulence Run Number 1 2 3 and reverse flow of the gas. a I

The velocity of the drying gas as it passes through the $3}?Ejji fi T1 Mflk Pmds per 120 188 Venturi should be increased up to a minimum of at least y s T about 450 feet per second and preferably to a minimum g, ,;,?&g ;g;;; 338 of from 600 to 1000 feet per second. There appears to Volume, cubicfeet p minute 28.5 i be no upper limit to the velocity of the drying s i ve ficitgxretnsrt 'iti ggaijjjjjjjj 32% $3? 2;; may range up into the some or supersonic velocities. Pounds Ofwater evaporated p hour 8 18.6 However, for practical purposes it is believed that an 12328 ,g gglgii iiifiaif ifgg .82 2:2 upper limit of from 1500 to 2000 feet per second may be Solubility Index (Standard Dairy Solubility 15 0.1 imposed.

Table 11 Run Number 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Material: Skim m1lk- I Percent Solids Not Fat 30 30 30 30 30 30 28. 5 40 40 rounds per hour feed 117 131' 101 202 25 180 236 107 42 54 i ieii ehl emture F 390 45s 432 473 270 460 500 Outlet temperatuie, III 192 184 208 180 183 183 187 i iii Volume, cubic feet per minute (75 F..

28.5 1'11.Hg). '540 565 573 555 622 556 485 536 512 490 Velocity at throat, fin/sec 707 782 788 796 698 702 717 685 575 533 Pounds of water evaporated per hour 82 l .92 71 141 17. 5 126 78 25. 2 32. 4 Pounds of powder dried per hour 34. 1 39 30 60. 6 7. 5 54 70. 8 29 16. 8 21. 6 Moisture content of powder, percent 6. 2 6.1.: 6. 1 6. 0 4. 6 6. 2 7. 0 4. 4 4. 2 6. 0 Solubilitylndex StandardDlary Solubility J.

Test) 0.1 0'.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1

The temperature of the drying gas should beat-ileast labout 250? F. For milk the theoretical maximumteml perature is about 960 F. However, for other materials In the foregoing runs, the feed rate in pounds per minute was the weight of the liquid delivered through; the liquid delivery means 61. The drying gas inlettemperat he tc mperature may rangefiup to about 1500? vF. .or in lfi tures were measured'in conduit7'4 just above inlet 1,16.

1 under a microscope.

Ihe velocities of the drying gas were measured at duct 88 while pure water was being introduced through the liquid feed line, and the velocity at the throat of the Venturi was computed from these measurements. The outlet temperature of the drying gas was measured at the outlet from the cyclone separator 85. The moisture content of the dried powder was determined by actual test as was also the solubility index which is a standard dairy product solubility test made in accordance with the methods prescribed by the American Dry Milk Institute, The Grading of Dry Milk Solids.

It has also been found that when liquid solids-containing foodstuflis are concentrated and dried according to the method of this invention, those products are then more trating. (-by evaporation) the solids-containing liquid to be dried to between about 45 to 65 percent. by weight and preferably 50 to 65 percent solidscontent and then dry.- ing such higher-solids-content liquids according to the drying method of this invention. This higher concentration of solids in the liquid used according to this invention compares with the usual solids concentration of from about to 40 percent and most generally between about to percent used in present-day commercial processes of making dried milk and the like. Severeal examples of milk concentrated and dried according to the method of this invention, all of which showed from very good to excellent dispersability characteristics are tabu lated.

Table III Run Number 14 15 16 17 18 48. l 48. l 4 5. 0 45. 0 51. 8 Pounds per hour feed 205 205 180 180 151 Drying gas:

Inlet temperature, It--. 450 450 450 450 432 Outlet temperature, F 174. 174 175 175 173 Dlspersibihty Excellent Excellent Very good Very good Excellent Moisture content of powder, percent 6.0 2.0 3. 8 2. 2 4. 08 Solubility Index .0. 15 0. 15 0. 1 0. 1 0. it)

easily and completely reconstituted by addition of liquid to the dried solids than has heretofore been possible. This unexpectedphenomenon has been thought to be due. to more uniform distribution of particle sizes, es-

pecially as to larger particles, with a minimum of fines.

Thus, while dried milk produced by any of the normally available conventional drying methods (commercial ranged from about 70 microns to about 300 microns with relatively few smaller particles which could be counted particles is absolute or whether the smaller particles have merely agglomerated onto the surfaces of the larger particles is not known and applicants do not wish to be bound by any particular theory. Regardless of the cause, however, the improved results flowing therefrom in reconstituting the liquid product are incontrovertible. :Powderedmilk concentrated and dried according to the method of this invention poured onto the top of a vessel of col d or lukewarm water immediately begins to sink through the surface of the water and to disperse forth with forming a uniform homogeneous reconstituted milk in a short time with a minimum of stirring or agitation. On the other hand, ordinary powdered milk powder (commercial) floats on the surface of even very warm water, dispersing only very slightly. The powder will float" indefinitely in this condition. Stirring of such a nonwetted powder on the water merely serves to break up the floating mass of powder into smaller masses, each of which has a gummy exterior such that the masses float on the surface of the water. These powder masses can be brought into uniform dispersion to form a relatively homogeneous reconstituted liquid milk product only by vigorous agitation of the liquid-solid mixture for a considerable period. This behavior of commercial milk powder is one of the recognized disadvantages of such products and is one of the reasons why there has been consumer resistance to the more widespread use of such commercial dried milk powders.

The improved more readily reconstitutable dried solid foodstuffs of this invention are prepared by first concen- Whether the absence of smaller It is apparent thatmany modifications and variations of the invention as hereinbefore set forth may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof. The specific embodiments described are given by way of example only, and the invention is limited only by the terms of the appended claims. 7

What we claim is: y

1. A spray drying apparatus comprising a drying chamher having an inlet and discharge end, duct means adjacent to and communicating with the inlet end of the drying chamber, liquid delivery means positioned axially within the inlet duct adjacent the inlet endof the chamber for introducing a stream of liquid particles into the chamber, means for heating a drying gas and tube means comprised generally of two truncated cones connected at their small end by a short cylinder for conveying the heated drying gas at high velocity around the liquiddelivery means concurrent with the flow of liquid from said liquid delivery means.

2. A spray drying apparatus comprising a. drying chamber having an inlet and discharge end, a Venturi-like tube comprised generally of two truncated cones connected at their small ends by a short cylinder disposed adjacent to and communicating directly with the inlet end of the drying chamber, liquid delivery means positioned axially within the Venturi-like tube for introducing a stream of liquid particles into the drying chamber, duct means for conveying a gaseous drying medium to the upstream end of the Venturi-like tube and furnace means for heating the gas.

3. A spray drying apparatus according to claim 2 further characterized in that said liquid delivery means is positioned axially within the Venturi-like tube adjacent and slightly upstream from its throat for introducing a stream of liquid particles at high velocity into the drying chamber.

4. A spray drying apparatus according to claim 2 further characterized by the provision of means comprising a plurality of parallel axis longitudinal conduits in the duct adjacent the Venturi-like tube for unifying the flow of the gaseous drying medium.

5. A spray drying apparatus according to claim 2 further characterized in that the length and included angle of the upstream section of the Venturi-like tube are greater than the length and included angle of the downstream section.

GLA'spray drying apparatus according to claim 2 fur- ;ther characterized in that said liquid delivery means comprises ,an annular liquid discharge, opening and having a central aperture throughout its length, said' aperture having a converging conical inlet portion and a diverging conical outlet portion, the annular liquid discharge opening surrounding the divergingloutlet of said aperture.

7. A spray drying apparatus comprising a generally .Yertical upstanding elongated cylindrical drying chamber, having an upper inlet endand a lower converging conical section forming a discharge end, means mounted within the drying chamber adjacent the inner Walls thereof for relative rotative movement therewith to prevent accumulation of dried particles on the walls of-tthe drying chamber, a Venturi-like tube comprised generally of two truncated cones connected at their small ends by ashort cylinder mounted axially on the drying chamber 7.

at the upper end thereof in communication with the inlet, the lengthoftheupper section of the Venturi-like tube being 'from about three to ten times the diameter of the throat and the included angle being from about to degrees, the length of the lower section of the Venturi-like tube being from about two to eight times then...

diameter of the throat and the included angle being from about 2 to 10 degrees, liquid delivery means positioned axially within the Venturi-like tube and slightly upstream from the center of the throat for introducing a'stream of liquid particles into the drying chamber, said liquid delivery means'comprising an annular liquid discharge opening and having a central aperture throughout its length, means for supplying liquid to the annular liquid discharge opening,insulated duct means for conveying a gaseous drying medium downwardly to the upstream end of the Venturi-like tube means comprising a plurality I of parallel axis longitudinal conduits in the duct adjacent the Venturi-like tube for unifying the flow of the gaseous steps of forcing a stream of a drying gas through a drying apparatus at an initial temperature of from about .250 to 1500" F. and at an initial velocity of at least about 100 feet per second, increasing the velocity of'said drying gas to atleast about 450 feet per second, introducing astream of the liquid containing the solids to be dried into the drying gas at a point of increased velocity in the direction of flow of the drying gas, decreasing the velocity of the combined stream of hot drying gas and said liquid whereby the solids are dried and separating the dried solids from the gas.

dried solids from the gas. 4

10.,The process of spray drying which comprisesjh; steps of forcing a stream of a drying -gas througlnardming apparatus at an initial temperature; offrom I 250 to 900 F. and at an'initial'ivelocity-of, at least about feet per second, increasingthe velocity ofisaid-drjyr ing gas to at least about 45010 2000 :feetper seeond, introducing a'stream of the liquid containing the sgl'rds to be dried into the dryingjgas ata point ofincreased velocity in the direction of flow of'the drying gas injecting a plurality of fine streams oftheliquidrnto the drying gas at a relatively low pressure of from about two to fifty pounds per square; incln; decreasing;v the velocity of the combined stream of hot drying gasand said liquid whereby the solids are driedjand then separating the dried solids from the gas.

11. The process of spray drying which comprises the steps of forcing a, stream of a drying gas through a drying apparatus at an initial temperature of from about 300 to 6 00'F. and at an initial velocity of at least about 100 feet per second, increasing the velocity of said drying gas. to at least about 600 to 1500 feet per second, introducing a strearnofjthe liquid containing the solids to be dried into the drying gas at a point of increased velocity in the direction-jot flow of the drying gas by injecting a plurality of fine. streams of the liquid into the drying gas at a relatively low pressure of from about two to fifty pounds per square inch, decreasing the velocity of thecombin ed stream of hot drying gas and said liquid whereby the solids are dried and then separati 12. Asliquid delivery" means tfor-use in spray apparatus -for introducing a stream of liquidintoa high -velocity stream of drying gas, which deliveryl nieans comprises a generallyhollow cylindrical body, the hirer surface of said body defining a central apertui'e iex ing through the length of said body for passage 'of d ing gas through said body, said centralaperture being and having a converging conical inlet portion (1 dicharge, opening surrounding the dowhstream.,di r outlet ,end of said gas aperture and communicating channel means within said body for supplying liquid :toifs ajid annular liquid discharge opening. v a;

13. The product produced by the process ofl cla References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATEN 788,764 Fitton Mm; 

9. THE PROCESS OF SPRAY DRYING WHICH COMPRISES THE STEPS OF FORCING A STREAM OF A DRYING GAS THROUGH A DRYING APPARATUS AT AN INITIAL TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 250 TO 1500* F. AND AT AN INITIAL VELOCITY OF AT LEAST ABOUT 100 FEET PER SECOND, INCREASING THE VELOCITY OF SAID DRYING GAS TO AT LEAST ABOUT 450 FEET PER SECOND, INTRODUCING A STREAM OF THE LIQUID CONTAINING THE SOLIDS TO BE DRIED INTO THE DRYING GAS AT A POINT OF INCREASED VELOCITY IN THE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF THE DRYING GAS, DECREASING THE VELOCITY OF THE COMBINED STREAM OF HOT DRYING GAS AND SAID LIQUID WHEREBY THE SOLIDS ARE DRIED AND SEPARATING THE DRIED SOLIDS FROM THE GAS.
 13. THE PRODUCT PRODUCED BY THE PROCESS OF CLAIM
 9. 